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FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
MEMORY
AND RECONCILIATION:
THE CHURCH AND THE FAULTS OF THE PAST

Memoria y Reconciliación: La Iglesia y las Culpas del Pasado
7 de marzo del 2000-Agencia de Información Zenit
Introducción:
"La Bula de convocatoria del Año Santo del 2000 Incarnationis
mysterium (29 de noviembre de 1998)
indica, entre los signos "que
oportunamente pueden servir para vivir con mayor intensidad la insigne
gracia
del jubileo", la purificación de la memoria. Esta consiste en el
proceso orientado a liberar la
conciencia personal y común de todas las formas
de resentimiento o de violencia que la herencia
de culpas del pasado puede
habernos dejado, mediante una valoración renovada, histórica y
teológica, de
los acontecimientos implicados, que conduzca, si resultara justo, a un
reconocimiento
correspondiente de la culpa y contribuya a un camino real de
reconciliación. Un proceso semejante
puede incidir de manera significativa
sobre el presente, precisamente porque las culpas pasadas
dejan sentir a todavía
menudo el peso de sus consecuencias y permanecen como otras tantas
tentaciones
también hoy día....
...Las peticiones de perdón hechas por el Obispo de Roma en
este espíritu de autenticidad y de
gratuidad han suscitado reacciones diversas.
La confianza incondicional que el Papa ha demostrado
tener en la fuerza de la
Verdad ha encontrado una acogida generalmente favorable, en el interior y
en el
exterior de la comunidad eclesial. No pocos han subrayado el incremento de
credibilidad de
los pronunciamientos eclesiales, consiguiente a estos
comportamientos. No han faltado, sin embargo,
algunas reservas, expresión sobre
todo del malestar unido a contextos históricos y culturales
particulares, en
los que la simple admisión de culpas cometidas por los hijos de la Iglesia
puede
asumir el significado de una cesión ante a las acusaciones de quien es prejudicialmente
hostil a ella.
Entre consenso y malestar se advierte la necesidad de una reflexión
que esclarezca las razones,
las condiciones y la exacta configuración de las
peticiones de perdón relativas a las culpas del
pasado....
1.1. Antes del Vaticano II
El Jubileo se ha vivido siempre en la Iglesia como un tiempo
de alegría por la salvación
otorgada en Cristo y como una ocasión
privilegiada de penitencia y de reconciliación por los
pecados presentes en la
vida del Pueblo de Dios. Desde su primera celebración bajo Bonifacio VIII
en el
año 1300, el peregrinaje penitencial a la tumba de los apóstoles Pedro y Pablo
ha estado
asociado a la concesión de una indulgencia excepcional para procurar,
con el perdón sacramental,
la remisión total o parcial de las penas temporales
debidas por los pecados (2). En este contexto,
tanto el perdón sacramental como
la remisión de las penas revisten un carácter personal. A lo largo
del "año
de perdón y de gracia" (3), la Iglesia dispensa en modo particular el
tesoro de gracias que
Cristo ha constituido en su favor (4). En ninguno de los
jubileos celebrados hasta ahora ha estado
presente, sin embargo, una toma de
conciencia de eventuales culpas del pasado de la Iglesia,
ni tampoco de la
necesidad de pedir perdón a Dios por los comportamientos del pasado próximo
o
remoto.
Más aún, en la historia entera de la Iglesia no se
encuentran precedentes de peticiones de
perdón relativas a culpas del pasado,
que hayan sido formuladas por el Magisterio....
1.2. La enseñanza del Concilio
El Vaticano LI se pone en la misma perspectiva que Pablo VI.
Por las culpas cometidas contra
la unidad, afirman los Padres conciliares,
"pedimos perdón a Dios y a los hermanos separados,
así como nosotros
perdonamos a quienes nos hayan ofendido" (UR 7). Además de las culpas
contra la unidad....Desde el punto de vista teológico el Vaticano II distingue
entre la fidelidad
indefectible de la Iglesia y las debilidades de sus miembros,
clérigos o laicos, ayer como
hoy (OS 43.6); por tanto, entre ella, esposa de
Cristo "sin mancha ni arruga [...] santa e
inmaculada" (cf. Ef 5, 27),
y sus hijos, pecadores perdonados, llamados a la metanoia permanente,
a
la renovación en el Espíritu Santo. "La Iglesia, recibiendo en su propio
seno a los pecadores,
santa al mismo tiempo que necesitada de purificación
constante, busca sin cesar la penitencia y
la renovación" (6)....
1.3. Las peticiones de perdón de Juan Pablo II
Juan Pablo LI no sólo renueva el lamento por las "dolorosas
memorias" que han ido marcando
la historia de las divisiones entre los
cristianos, como habían hecho Pablo VI y el concilio
Vaticano II (9), sino que
extiende la petición de perdón también a una multitud de hechos históricos,
en los cuales la Iglesia o grupos particulares de cristianos han estado
implicados por diversos
motivos’ (10). En la Carta apostólica Tertio
millennio adveniente (11), el Papa desea que el Jubileo
del Año 2000
sea la ocasión para una purificación de la memoria de la Iglesia de "todas
las formas
de contratestimonio y de escándalo", que se han sucedido en el
curso del milenio pasado
(cf. TMA 33).
La Iglesia es invitada a "asumir con conciencia más
viva el pecado de sus hijos". Ella "reconoce
como suyos a los hijos
pecadores", y los anima a "purificarse, en el arrepentimiento, de los
errores, infidelidades, incoherencias y lentitudes" (TMA 33). La
responsabilidad de los cristianos
en los males de nuestro tiempo es igualmente
evocada (cf. TMA 36), si bien el acento recae
particularmente sobre la
solidaridad de la Iglesia de hoy con las culpas pasadas, de las que
algunas son
explícitamente mencionadas, como la división entre los cristianos (cf. TMA 34)
o
los "métodos de violencia
y de intolerancia" utilizados en el
pasado para evangelizar
(cf. TMA 35).
1.4. Las cuestiones planteadas
"...La dificultad que se perfila es la de definir las culpas pasadas, a
causa sobre todo del
juicio histórico que esto exige, ya que en lo acontecido
se ha de distinguir siempre la
responsabilidad o la culpa atribuible a los
miembros de la Iglesia en cuanto creyentes, de
aquella referible a la sociedad
de los siglos llamados "de cristiandad" o a las estructuras
de poder
en las que lo temporal y lo espiritual se hallaban entonces estrechamente
entrelazados.
Una hermenéutica histórica es, por tanto, necesaria más que
nunca, para hacer una distinción
adecuada entre la acción de la iglesia en
cuanto comunidad de fe y la acción de la sociedad
en tiempos de ósmosis entre
ellas.
Los pasos llevados a cabo por Juan Pablo II para pedir perdón
de las culpas del pasado
han sido comprendidos en muchísimos ambientes,
eclesiales y no eclesiales, como signos
de vitalidad y de autenticidad de la
Iglesia, tales como para reforzar su credibilidad. Es justo,
por otra parte, que
la Iglesia contribuya a modificar imágenes de sí falsas e inaceptables,
especialmente en los campos en los que, por ignorancia o por mala fe, algunos
sectores
de opinión se complacen en identificarla con el oscurantismo y con la
intolerancia....No faltan,
sin embargo, fieles desconcertados, en cuanto que su
lealtad hacia la Iglesia parece quedar
alterada. Algunos de ellos se preguntan cómo
transmitir el amor a la Iglesia a las jóvenes
generaciones, si esta misma
Iglesia está imputada por crímenes y por culpas. Otros observan
que el
reconocimiento de las culpas es al menos unilateral y se ve aprovechado por los
detractores de la Iglesia, satisfechos al verla confirmar los prejuicios que
ellos mantienen
a su respecto. Otros ponen en guardia ante la culpabilización
arbitraria de generaciones
actuales de creyentes por deficiencias en las que
ellos no han consentido en modo alguno,
aun declarándose dispuestos a asumir su
responsabilidad en la medida en que grupos
humanos se pudieran sentir todavía
hoy afectados por las consecuencias de injusticias
sufridas en otros tiempos por
sus predecesores....
Se perfilan así diversos interrogantes:
¿se puede hacer
pesar sobre la conciencia actual
una "culpa" vinculada a fenómenos
históricos irrepetibles, como las
cruzadas o la
inquisición? ¿No es demasiado
fácil juzgar a los protagonistas del pasado con la conciencia
actual (como
hacen escribas y fariseos, según Mt 23, 29-32), como si la conciencia moral
no
se hallara situada en el tiempo? ¿Se puede acaso, por otra parte, negar que el
juicio
ético siempre tiene vigencia, por el simple hecho de que la verdad de
Dios y sus exigencias
morales siempre tienen valor? Cualquiera que sea la
actitud a adoptar, ésta debe confrontarse
con estos interrogantes y buscar
respuestas que estén fundadas en la revelación y en su
transmisión viva en la
fe de la Iglesia. La cuestión prioritaria es, por tanto, la de esclarecer
en qué
medida las peticiones de perdón por las culpas del pasado, sobre todo cuando
se
dirigen a grupos humanos actuales, entran en el horizonte bíblico y teológico
de la
reconciliación con Dios y con el prójimo.
3. FUNDAMENTOS TEOLÓGICOS
"Es justo que, mientras el segundo milenio del
cristianismo llega a su fin, la Iglesia asuma
con una conciencia más viva el
pecado de sus hijos recordando todas las circunstancias
en las que, a lo largo
de la historia, se han alejado del espíritu de Cristo y de su evangelio,
ofreciendo al mundo, en vez del testimonio de una vida inspirada en los valores
de la fe,
el espectáculo de modos de pensar y actuar que eran verdaderas formas
de antitestimonio
y de escándalo. La Iglesia, aun siendo santa por su
incorporación a Cristo, no se cansa de
hacer penitencia: ella reconoce siempre
como suyos, delante de Dios y delante de los
hombres, a los hf/os pecadores"
(TMA 33). Estas palabras de Juan Pablo II subrayan cómo
la Iglesia se
encuentra afectada por el pecado de sus hijos: santa, en cuanto hecha tal por
el
Padre mediante el sacrificio del Hijo y el don del Espíritu, es en un cierto
sentido también
pecadora, en cuanto asume realmente sobre ella el pecado de
aquellos a quienes ha
engendrado en el bautismo, análogamente a como Cristo Jesús
ha asumido el pecado
del mundo (cf. Rom 8,3; 2 Cor 5,21; Gál 3,13; 1 Pe 2,24)
(23). Por otra parte, pertenece
a la más profunda autoconciencia eclesial en el
tiempo el convencimiento de que la
Iglesia no es sólo una comunidad de elegidos,
sino que comprende en su seno justos
y pecadores, del presente y del pasado, en
la unidad del misterio que la constituye.
De hecho, tanto en la gracia como en
la herida del pecado, los bautizados de hoy son
convecinos y solidarios con los
de ayer. Por ello se puede decir que la Iglesia, una
en el tiempo y en el
espacio en Cristo y en el Espíritu, es verdaderamente "santa al
mismo
tiempo y siempre necesitada de purificación" (LG 8). De esta paradoja,
característica del misterio eclesial, nace el interrogante de cómo conciliar
los dos
aspectos: de una parte, la afirmación de fe de la santidad de la
Iglesia, de otra
parte, su necesidad incesante de penitencia y de purificación....
3.1. El misterio de la Iglesia
"La Iglesia está en la historia, pero al mismo tiempo
la transciende. Solamente "con los
ojos de la fe" se puede ver al
mismo tiempo en esta realidad visible una realidad espiritual,
portadora de la
vida divina" (CEC 770). El conjunto de los aspectos visibles e históricos
se
relaciona con el don divino de manera análoga a como en el Verbo de Dios
encarnado la
humanidad asumida es signo e instrumento del actuar de la persona
divina del Hijo: las dos
dimensiones del ser eclesial forman "una sola
realidad compleja, constituida por un elemento
humano y otro divino" (LO
8), en una comunión que participa de la vida trinitaria y hace que los
bautizados se sientan unidos entre sí, aun en la diversidad de tiempos y de
lugares de la historia.
En razón de esta comunión, la Iglesia se presenta como
un sujeto absolutamente único en el
acontecer humano, hasta el punto de poder
hacerse cargo de los dones, de los méritos y de
las culpas de sus hijos de hoy
y de los de ayer.
La no débil analogía con el misterio del Verbo encamado
implica, no obstante, también una
diferencia fundamental: "Mientras Cristo,
"santo, inocente, inmaculado" (Heb 7,26), no conoció
el pecado (cf. 2
Cor 5, 21), sino que vino a expiar sólo los pecados del pueblo (cf. Heb 2,17),
la Iglesia, recibiendo en su propio seno a los pecadores, santa al mismo tiempo
que
necesitada siempre de purificación, busca sin cesar la penitencia y la
renovación" (24). La
ausencia de pecado en el Verbo encamado no puede
atribuirse a su Cuerpo eclesial, en
cuyo interior más bien cada uno, partícipe
de la gracia donada por Dios, no está menos
necesitado de vigilancia y de
purificación incesante y solidaria con la debilidad de los otros:
"Todos
los miembros de la Iglesia, incluso sus ministros, deben reconocerse pecadores
(cf. 1 Jn 1,8-10). En todos, la cizaña del pecado todavía se encuentra
mezclada con la buena
semilla del evangelio hasta el fin de los tiempos (cf. Mt
13,24-30). La Iglesia, pues, congrega
a pecadores alcanzados ya por la salvación
de Cristo, pero todavía en vías de santificación"
(CEC 827)....
4. JUICIO HISTÓRICO Y JUICIO TEOLÓGICO
La identificación de las culpas del pasado de las que
enmendarse implica ante todo un
correcto juicio histórico, que sea también en
su raíz una valoración teológica. Es necesario
preguntarse: ¿qué es lo que
realmente ha sucedido?, ¿qué es exactamente lo que se ha
dicho y hecho?
Solamente cuando se ha ofrecido una respuesta adecuada a estos interrogantes,
como fruto de un juicio histórico riguroso, podrá preguntarse si eso que ha
sucedido, que se
ha dicho o realizado, puede ser interpretado como conforme o
disconforme con el evangelio,
y, en este último caso, silos hijos de la Iglesia
que han actuado de tal modo habrían podido
darse cuenta a partir del contexto
en el que estaban actuando. Solamente cuando se llega a la
certeza moral de que
cuanto se ha hecho contra el Evangelio por algunos de los hijos de la
Iglesia y
en su nombre habría podido ser comprendido por ellos como tal, y en
consecuencia
evitado, puede tener sentido para la Iglesia de hoy hacer enmienda
de culpas del pasado.
La relación entre "juicio histórico" y "juicio
teológico" resulta por tanto compleja en la misma
medida en que es
necesaria y determinante. Se requiere, por ello, llevarla a cabo evitando
los
desvaríos en un sentido y en otro: hay que evitar tanto una apologética que
pretenda
justificarlo todo, como una culpabilización indebida que se base en la
atribución de
responsabilidades insostenibles desde el punto de vista histórico.
Juan Pablo II ha
afirmado respecto a la valoración histórico-teológica de la
actuación de la Inquisición:
"El Magisterio eclesial no puede
evidentemente proponerse la realización de un acto
de naturaleza ética, como
es la petición de perdón, sin haberse informado previamente
de un modo exacto
acerca de la situación de aquel tiempo. Ni siquiera puede tampoco
apoyarse en
las ímágenes del pasado transmitidas por la opinión pública, pues se
encuentran
a menudo sobrecargadas por una emotividad pasional que impide una
diagnosis serena y
objetiva... Esa es la razón por la que el primer paso debe
consistir en interrogar a los
historiadores, a los cuales no se les pide un
juicio de naturaleza ética, que rebasaría el
ámbito de sus competencias, sino
que ofrezcan su ayuda para la reconstrucción más
precisa posible de los
acontecimientos, de las costumbres, de las mentalidades de
entonces, a la luz
del contexto histórico de la época" (34).
4.1. La interpretación de la historia
¿Cuáles son las condiciones de una correcta interpretación
del pasado desde el punto
de vista del conocimiento histórico? Para
determinarlas hay que tener en cuenta la
complejidad de la relación que existe
entre el sujeto que interpreta y el pasado objeto
de interpretación (35) en
primer lugar se debe subrayar la recíproca extrañeza entre ambos.
Eventos y
palabras del pasado son ante todo "pasados"; en cuanto tales son
irreductibles
totalmente a las instancias actuales, pues poseen una densidad y
una complejidad objetivas,
que impiden su utilización únicamente en función
de los intereses del presente. Hay que
acercarse, por tanto, a ellos mediante
una investigación histórico-crítica, orientada a la
utilización de todas las
informaciones accesibles de cara a la reconstrucción del ambiente,
de los modos
de pensar, de los condicionamientos y del proceso vital en que se sitúan
aquellos eventos y palabras, para cerciorarse así de los contenidos y los desafíos
que,
precisamente en su diversidad, plantean a nuestro presente....
CONCLUSIÓN
Como conclusión de las reflexiones desarrolladas conviene
poner una vez más de relieve
que en todas las formas de arrepentimiento por las
culpas del pasado, y en cada uno de
los gestos conectados con ellas, la Iglesia
se dirige ante todo a Dios y tiende a glorificarlo
a El y su misericordia.
Precisamente así sabe que celebra también la dignidad de la persona
humana
llamada a la plenitud de la vida en la alianza fiel con el Dios vivo: "La
gloria de Dios
es el hombre viviente, la vida del hombre es la visión de Dios"
(55). Actuando de este
modo la Iglesia da testimonio también de su confianza en
la fuerza de la Verdad que
hace libres (cf. Jn 8,32): "su petición de perdón
no debe ser entendida como ostentación
de humildad ficticia, ni como retractación
de su historia bimilenaria, ciertamente rica en méritos
en el terreno de la
caridad, de la cultura y de la santidad. Responde más bien a una exigencia
de
verdad irrenunciable, que, junto a los aspectos positivos, reconoce los limites
y las
debilidades humanas de las sucesivas generaciones de discípulos de Cristo"
(56). La Verdad
reconocida es fuente de reconciliación y de paz porque, como
afirma el mismo Papa,
"el amor de la verdad, buscada con humildad, es uno
de los grandes valores capaces
de reunir a los hombres de hoy a través de las
diversas culturas" (57). También por su
responsabilidad hacia la Verdad la
Iglesia "no puede atravesar el umbral del nuevo milenio
sin animar a sus
hijos a purificarse, en el arrepentimiento, de errores, infidelidades,
incoherencias y lentitudes. Reconocer los fracasos de ayer es un acto de lealtad
y de
valentía" (TMA 33). Ello abre para todos un mañana nuevo.

MEMORY
AND RECONCILIATION:
THE CHURCH AND THE FAULTS OF THE PAST
December 1999
The Bull of Indiction of the Great Jubilee of the Year 2000, Incarnationis
mysterium
(November 29, 1998), includes the purification of memory among the
signs “which may help
people to live the exceptional grace of the Jubilee with
greater fervor.” This purification
aims at liberating personal and communal
conscience from all forms of resentment and
violence that are the legacy of past
faults, through a renewed historical and theological
evaluation of such events.
This should lead - if done correctly - to a corresponding
recognition of guilt
and contribute to the path of reconciliation. Such a process can have
a
significant effect on the present, precisely because the consequences of past
faults
still make themselves felt and can persist as tensions in the present....
...The requests for forgiveness made by the Bishop of Rome in this
spirit of authenticity
and gratuitousness have given rise to various
reactions. The unconditional trust in the
power of Truth which the Pope
has shown has met with a generally favorable reception
both inside and
outside the Church. Many have noted the increased credibility of ecclesial
pronouncements that has resulted from this way of acting. Some
reservations, however,
have also been voiced, mainly expressions of unease
connected with particular historical
and cultural contexts in which the
simple admission of faults committed by the sons and
daughters of the
Church may look like acquiescence in the face of accusations made by
those
who are prejudicially hostile to the Church. Between agreement and unease,
the
need arises for a reflection which clarifies the reasons, the
conditions, and the exact
form of the requests for forgiveness for the
faults of the past.
1.1 Before Vatican II
The Jubilee has always been lived in the Church as a time of joy for the
salvation given
in Christ and as a privileged occasion for penance and
reconciliation for the sins present
in the lives of the People of God. From its
first celebration under Boniface VIII in 1300,
the penitential pilgrimage to the
tombs of the Apostles Peter and Paul was associated
with the granting of an
exceptional indulgence for procuring, with sacramental pardon,
total or partial
remission of the temporal punishment due to sin.(4) In this context, both
sacramental forgiveness and the remission of temporal punishment have a personal
character. In the course of the “year of pardon and grace,”(5) the Church
dispenses in
a particular way the treasury of grace that Christ has constituted
for her benefit.(6) In
none of the Jubilees celebrated till now has there been,
however, an awareness in
conscience of any faults in the Church’s past, nor of
the need to ask God’s pardon
for conduct in the recent or remote past.
Indeed, in the entire history of the Church there are no precedents for
requests for
forgiveness by the Magisterium for past wrongs. Councils and papal
decrees applied
sanctions, to be sure, to abuses of which clerics and laymen
were found guilty, and
many pastors sincerely strove to correct them. However,
the occasions when
ecclesiastical authorities – Pope, Bishops, or Councils –
have openly acknowledged
the faults or abuses which they themselves were guilty
of, have been quite rare. One
famous example is furnished by the reforming Pope
Adrian VI who acknowledged
publicly in a message to the Diet of Nuremberg of
November 25, 1522, “the abominations,
the abuses...and the lies” of which
the “Roman court” of his time was guilty, “deep-rooted
and
extensive…sickness,” extending “from the top to the members.”(7) Adrian
VI deplored
the faults of his times, precisely those of his immediate
predecessor Leo X and his curia,
without, however, adding a request for pardon.
It will be necessary to wait until Paul VI to
find a Pope express a request for
pardon addressed as much to God as to a group of
contemporaries. In his address
at the opening of the second session of the Second
Vatican Council, the Pope
asked “pardon of God…and of the separated brethren” of
the East who may
have felt offended “by us” (the Catholic Church), and declared himself
ready
for his part to pardon offences received. In the view of Paul VI, both the
request
for and offer of pardon concerned solely the sin of the division between
Christians and
presupposed reciprocity.
1.2 The Teaching of the Council
Vatican II takes the same approach as Paul VI. For the faults committed
against
unity, the Council Fathers state, “we ask pardon of God and of the
separated brethren,
as we forgive those who trespass against us.”(8) In
addition to faults against unity, it
noted other negative episodes from the past
for which Christians bore some
responsibility. Thus, “it deplores certain
attitudes that sometimes are found among
Christians” and which led people to
think that faith and science are mutually opposed.
9) Likewise, it considers the
fact that in “the genesis of atheism,” Christians may have
had “some
responsibility” insofar as through their negligence they “conceal rather
than
reveal the authentic face of God and religion.”(10) In addition, the
Council “deplores”
the persecutions and manifestations of anti-Semitism
“in every time and on whoever’s
part.”(11) The Council, nevertheless, does
not add a request for pardon for the things
cited.
From a theological point of view, Vatican II distinguishes between the
indefectible
fidelity of the Church and the weaknesses of her members, clergy or
laity, yesterday
and today,(12) and therefore, between the Bride of Christ
“with neither blemish nor wrinkle...
holy and immaculate” (cf. Eph
5:27), and her children, pardoned sinners, called to permanent
metanoia,
to renewal in the Holy Spirit. “The Church, embracing sinners in her bosom, is
at
the same time holy and always in need of purification and incessantly pursues
the path of
penance and renewal.”(13)
The Council also elaborated some criteria of discernment regarding the guilt
or responsibility
of persons now living for faults of the past. In effect, the
Council recalled in two different
contexts the non-imputability to those now
living of past faults committed by members of
their religious communities:
 | “What was committed during the passion (of Christ) cannot be imputed
either
indiscriminately to all Jews then living nor to the Jews of our
time.”(14)
 | “Large communities became separated from full communion with the
Catholic
Church – at times not without the fault of men on both sides.
However, one
cannot charge with the sin of separation those who now are born
into these
communities and who in these are instructed in the faith of
Christ, and the Catholic
Church embraces them with fraternal respect and
love.”(15) |
|
When the first Holy Year was celebrated after the Council, in 1975, Paul VI
gave it the
theme of “renewal and reconciliation,”(16) making clear in the
Apostolic Exhortation
Paterna cum benevolentia that reconciliation should
take place first of all among the
faithful of the Catholic Church.(17) As in its
origin, the Holy Year remained an occasion
for conversion and reconciliation of
sinners to God by means of the sacramental
economy of the Church.
1.3. John Paul
II’s Requests for Forgiveness
Not only did John Paul II renew expressions of regret for the “sorrowful
memories”
that mark the history of the divisions among Christians, as Paul VI
and the Second
Vatican Council had done,(18) but he also extended a request for
forgiveness to a
multitude of historical events in which the Church, or
individual groups of Christians,
were implicated in different respects.(19) In
the Apostolic Letter Tertio millennio
adveniente,(20) the Pope
expresses the hope that the Jubilee of 2000 might be the
occasion for a
purification of the memory of the Church from all forms of “counter-witness
and scandal” which have occurred in the course of the past millennium.(21)
The Church is invited to “become more fully conscious of the sinfulness of
her children.”
She “acknowledges as her own her sinful sons and daughters”
and encourages them
“to purify themselves, through repentance, of past errors
and instances of infidelity,
inconsistency and slowness to act.”(22) The
responsibility of Christians for the evils
of our time is likewise noted,(23)
although the accent falls particularly on the solidarity
of the Church of today
with past faults. Some of these are explicitly mentioned, like
the separation of
Christians,(24) or the “methods of violence and intolerance” used
in the
past to evangelize.(25)
John Paul II also promoted the deeper theological exploration of the idea of
taking
responsibility for the wrongs of the past and of possibly asking
forgiveness from one’s
contemporaries,(26) when in the Exhortation Reconciliatio
et paenitentia, he states that
in the sacrament of Penance “the
sinner stands alone before God with his sin, repentance,
and trust. No one can
repent in his place or ask forgiveness in his name.” Sin is therefore
always
personal, even though it wounds the entire Church, which, represented by the
priest as minister of Penance, is the sacramental mediatrix of the grace which
reconciles
with God.(27) Also the situations of “social sin” - which are
evident in the human community
when justice, freedom, and peace are damaged –
are always “the result of the accumulation
and concentration of many personal
sins.” While moral responsibility may become diluted
in anonymous causes, one
can only speak of social sin by way of analogy.(28) It emerges
from this that
the imputability of a fault cannot properly be extended beyond the group of
persons who had consented to it voluntarily, by means of acts or omissions, or
through
negligence.
1.4. The Questions Raised
The Church is a living society spanning the centuries. Her memory is not
constituted
only by the tradition which goes back to the Apostles and is
normative for her faith and
life, but she is also rich in the variety of
historical experiences, positive and negative,
which she has lived. In large
part, the Church’s past structures her present. The doctrinal,
liturgical,
canonical, and ascetical tradition nourishes the life of the believing
community,
offering it an incomparable sampling of models to imitate. Along the
entire earthly pilgrimage,
however, the good grain always remains inextricably
mixed with the chaff; holiness stands
side by side with infidelity and sin.(29)
And it is thus that the remembrance of scandals of
the past can become an
obstacle to the Church’s witness today, and the recognition of
the past faults
of the Church’s sons and daughters of yesterday can foster renewal and
reconciliation in the present.
The difficulty that emerges is that of defining past faults, above all,
because of the
historical judgement which this requires. In events of the past,
one must always
distinguish the responsibility or fault that can be attributed
to members of the Church
as believers from that which should be referred to
society during the centuries of
‘Christendom’ or to power structures in
which the temporal and spiritual were closely
intertwined. An historical
hermeneutic is therefore more necessary than ever in order
to distinguish
correctly between the action of the Church as community of faith and that
of
society in the times when an osmosis existed between them.
The steps taken by John Paul II to ask pardon for faults of the past have
been understood
in many circles as signs of the Church’s vitality and
authenticity, such that they strengthen
her credibility. It is right, moreover,
that the Church contribute to changing false and
unacceptable images of herself,
especially in those areas in which, whether through
ignorance or bad faith, some
sectors of opinion like to identify her with obscurantism and
intolerance. The
requests for pardon formulated by the Pope have also given rise to positive
emulation both inside and outside the Church. Heads of state or government,
private and
public associations, religious communities are today asking
forgiveness for episodes or
historical periods marked by injustices. This
practice is far from just an exercise in rhetoric,
and for this reason, some
hesitate to do so, calculating the attendant costs – among which
are those on
the legal plane - of an acknowledgement of past wrongs. Also from this point
of
view, a rigorous discernment is necessary.
Nevertheless, some of the faithful are disconcerted and their loyalty to the
Church seems
shaken. Some wonder how they can hand on a love for the Church to
younger generations
if this same Church is imputed with crimes and faults.
Others observe that the recognition
of faults is for the most part one-sided and
is exploited by the Church’s detractors, who
are satisfied to see the Church
confirm the prejudices they had of her. Still others warn
against arbitrarily
making current generations of believers feel guilty for shortcomings
they did
not consent to in any way, even though they declare themselves ready to take
responsibility to the extent that some groups of people still feel themselves
affected
today by the consequences of injustices suffered by their forbears in
previous times.
Others hold that the Church could purify her memory with respect
to ambiguous actions
in which she was involved in the past simply by taking part
in the critical work on memory
developed in our society. Thus she could affirm
that she joins with her contemporaries
in rejecting what the moral conscience of
our time reproaches, though without putting
herself forward as the only guilty
party responsible for the evils of the past, by seeking
at the same time a
dialogue in mutual understanding with those who may feel themselves
still
wounded by past acts imputable to the children of the Church. Finally, it is to
be
expected that certain groups might demand that forgiveness be sought in their
regard,
either by analogy with other groups, or because they believe that they
have suffered
wrongs. In any case, the purification of memory can never mean
that the Church ceases
to proclaim the revealed truth that has been entrusted to
her whether in the area of faith
or of morals.
Thus, a number of questions can be identified: Can today’s conscience be
assigned ‘guilt’
for isolated historical phenomena like the Crusades or the
Inquisition? Isn’t it a bit too easy
o judge people of the past by the
conscience of today (as the Scribes and Pharisees do
according to Mt
23:29-32), almost as if moral conscience were not situated in time? And,
on the
other hand, can it be denied that ethical judgement is always possible, given
the
simple fact that the truth of God and its moral requirements always have
value? Whatever
attitude is adopted must come to terms with these questions and
seek answers that are
based in revelation and in its living transmission in the
faith of the Church. The first question
is therefore that of clarifying the
extent to which requests for forgiveness for past wrongs,
especially if
addressed to groups of people today, are within the biblical and theological
horizon of reconciliation with God and neighbor.
3. Theological
Foundations
“Hence it is appropriate that as the second millennium of Christianity
draws to a close
the Church should become ever more fully conscious of the
sinfulness of her children,
recalling all those times in history when they
departed from the spirit of Christ and his
Gospel and, instead of offering to
the world the witness of a life inspired by the values
of faith, indulged in
ways of thinking and acting which were truly forms of counter-witness
and
scandal. Although she is holy because of her incorporation into Christ, the
Church
does not tire of doing penance. Before God and man, she always acknowledges
as her
own her sinful sons and daughters.”(40) These words of John Paul II
emphasize how the
Church is touched by the sin of her children. She is holy in
being made so by the Father
through the sacrifice of the Son and the gift of the
Spirit. She is also in a certain sense
sinner, in really taking upon herself the
sin of those whom she has generated in Baptism.
This is analogous to the way
Christ Jesus took on the sin of the world (cf. Rom 8:3;
2 Cor
5:21; Gal 3:13; 1 Pt 2:24).(41) Furthermore, in her most profound
self-awareness
in time, the Church knows that she is not only a community of the
elect, but one which in
her very bosom includes both righteous and sinners, of
the present as well as the past,
in the unity of the mystery which constitutes
her. Indeed, in grace and in the woundedness
of sin, the baptized of today are
close to, and in solidarity with, those of yesterday. For
this reason one can
say that the Church – one in time and space in Christ and in the Spirit –
is
truly “at the same time holy and ever in need of purification.”(42) It is
from this paradox,
which is characteristic of the mystery of the Church, that
the question arises as to how
one can reconcile the two aspects: on the one
hand, the Church’s affirmation in faith of
her holiness, and on the other
hand, her unceasing need for penance and purification.
3.1. The Mystery of the Church
“The Church is in history, but at the same time she transcends it. It is
only ‘with the
"eyes of faith’ that one can see her in her visible reality
and at the same time in her
spiritual reality as bearer of divine life.”(43)
The ensemble of her visible and historical
aspects stands in relation to the
divine gift in a way that is analogous to how, in the
incarnate Word of God, the
assumed humanity is sign and instrument of the action
of the divine Person of
the Son. The two dimensions of ecclesial being form “one
complex reality
resulting from a human and a divine element,”(44) in a communion
that
participates in the Trinitarian life and brings about baptized persons’ sense
of
being united among themselves despite historical differences of time and
place.
By the power of this communion, the Church presents herself as a subject
that is
absolutely unique in human affairs, able to take on the gifts, the
merits, and the faults
of her children of yesterday and today.
The telling analogy to the mystery of the incarnate Word implies too,
nevertheless, a
fundamental difference. “Christ, ‘holy, innocent, and
undefiled’ (Heb 7:26), knew no sin
(cf. 2 Cor 5:21), but came
only to expiate the sins of the people (cf. Heb 2:17). The
Church,
however, embracing sinners in her bosom, is at the same time holy and always
in
need of purification and incessantly pursues the path of penance and
renewal.”(45)
The absence of sin in the Incarnate Word cannot be attributed to
his ecclesial Body,
within which, on the contrary, each person – participating
in the grace bestowed by
God – needs nevertheless to be vigilant and to be
continually purified. Each member
also shares in the weakness of others: “All
members of the Church, including her
ministers, must acknowledge that they are
sinners (cf. 1 Jn 1:8-10). In everyone, the
weeds of sin will still be
mixed with the good wheat of the Gospel until the end of time
(cf. Mt
13:24-30). Hence the Church gathers sinners already caught up in Christ’s
salvation but still on the way to holiness.”(46)
Already Paul VI had solemnly affirmed that the Church “is holy, though she
includes
sinners in her bosom, for she herself has no other life but the life of
grace... This is
why she suffers and does penance for these faults, from which
she has the power to
free her children through the blood of Christ and the gift
of the Holy Spirit.”(47) The
Church in her “mystery” is thus the encounter
of sanctity and of weakness, continually
redeemed, and yet always in need of the
power of redemption. As the liturgy – the
true “lex credendi” –
teaches, the individual Christian and the community of the saints
implore God to
look upon the faith of his church and not on the sins of individuals,
which are
the negation of this living faith: “Ne respicias peccata nostra, sed fidem
Ecclesiae Tuae”! In the unity of the mystery of the Church through time
and space,
it is possible to consider the aspect of holiness, the need for
repentance and
reform, and their articulation in the
actions of Mother Church.
4. Historical
Judgement and Theological Judgement
The determination of the wrongs of the past, for which amends are to be made,
implies,
first of all, a correct historical judgement, which is also the
foundation of the theological
evaluation. One must ask: What precisely occurred?
What exactly was said and done?
Only when these questions are adequately
answered through rigorous historical analysis
can one then ask whether what
happened, what was said or done, can been understood
as consistent with the
Gospel, and, if it cannot, whether the Church’s sons and daughters
who acted
in such a way could have recognised this, given the context in which they
acted.
Only when there is moral certainty that what was done in contradiction to the
Gospel in the name of the Church by certain of her sons and daughters could have
been understood by them as such and avoided, can it have significance for the
Church of today to make amends for faults of the past.
The relationship between “historical judgement” and “theological
judgement” is
therefore as complex as it is necessary and determinative. For
this reason, it is
necessary to undertake it without falsehoods on one side or
the other. Both an
apologetics that seeks to justify everything and an
unwarranted laying of blame,
based on historically untenable attributions of
responsibility, must be avoided. John
Paul II, referring to the
historical-theological evaluation of the work of the Inquisition,
stated: “The
Church’s Magisterium certainly may not intend to perform an act of natural
ethics, which the request for pardon is, without first being exactly informed
concerning
the situation of that time. But, at the same time, neither may it
rely on images of the
past steered by public opinion, since these are frequently
highly charged with passionate
emotion which impedes serene and objective
diagnosis… This is the reason why the
first step consists in asking the
historians, not to furnish a judgement of natural ethics,
which would exceed the
area of their competence, but to offer help toward a reconstruction,
as precise
as possible, of the events, of the customs, of the mentality of the time, in
the
light of historical context of the epoch.”(64)
4.1. The Interpretation of
History
What are the conditions for a correct interpretation of the past from the
point of view of
historical knowledge? To determine these, we must take account
of the complexity
of the relationship between the subject who interprets and the
object from the past which
is interpreted.(65) First, their mutual
extraneousness must be emphasized. Events or
words of the past are, above all,
“past.” As such they are not completely reducible to
the framework of the
present, but possess an objective density and complexity that
prevent them from
being ordered in a solely functional way for present interests. It is
necessary,
therefore, to approach them by means of an historical-critical investigation
that aims at using all of the information available, with a view to a
reconstruction of the
environment, of the ways of thinking, of the conditions
and the living dynamic in which
those events and those words are placed, in
order, in such a way, to ascertain the
contents and the challenges that -
precisely in their diversity - they propose to our
present time...."
Conclusion
At the conclusion of this reflection, it is appropriate to stress yet again
that in every
form of repentance for the wrongs of the past, and in each
specific gesture connected
with it, the Church addresses herself in the first
place to God and seeks to give glory
to him and to his mercy. Precisely in this
way she is able to celebrate the dignity of
the human person called to the
fullness of life in faithful covenant with the living God:
“The glory of God
is man fully alive; but the life of man is the vision of God.”(99) By
such
actions, the Church also gives witness to her trust in the power of the truth
that
makes us free (cf. Jn 8:32). Her “request for pardon must not be
understood as an
expression of false humility or as a denial of her 2,000-year
history, which is certainly
rich in merit in the areas of charity, culture, and
holiness. Instead she responds to a
necessary requirement of the truth, which,
in addition to the positive aspects, recognizes
the human limitations and
weaknesses of the various generations of Christ’s disciples.
”(100)
Recognition of the Truth is a source of reconciliation and peace because, as the
Holy Father also states, “Love of the truth, sought with humility, is one of
the great
values capable of reuniting the men of today through the various
cultures.”(101)
Because of her responsibility to Truth, the Church “cannot
cross the threshold of the
new millennium without encouraging her children to
purify themselves, through
repentance, of past errors and instances of
infidelity, inconsistency and slowness
to act. Acknowledging the weaknesses of
the past is an act of honesty and courage…”
(102) It opens a new tomorrow for
everyone.

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